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WASHINGTON, D.C. -- About half (52%) of Americans think women in the U.S. military do not have as good a chance as men to get promotions or jobs for which they are qualified. Almost two-thirds (63%) of women agree that men have an unfair advantage, a potentially important stumbling block for military recruiters.

	As good a chance	Not as good a chance
	%	%
All adults	46	52
Women	37	63
Men	57	43
GALLUP, APRIL 24-MAY 2, 2017

Some of the public's perceptions of equal opportunity for women in the military could be related to the long history of women being barred from certain military roles -- including , serving on submarines, and serving as Army Rangers and Navy SEALS. The policy blocking women from combat roles, which posed a significant obstacle to promotions for women, was rescinded in a 2015 Defense Department decision lifting all gender-based restrictions on positions in the military. The change opened about 220,000 combat positions to women.

The finding that only about a third of women believe they have the same opportunities as men in the military could have significant implications for military recruiting. Attempts by the military to recruit women into its ranks face the clear obstacle that women are more likely to think they will be treated fairly in the civilian workforce. A ÓÅÃÛ´«Ã½poll last year asking about all jobs in the U.S. found that 43% of women said they had equal opportunities as men have.

Most Think Minority Groups, Whites Have Equal Chance at Jobs, Promotions

Americans are far more likely to think the military gives minority groups a fair shot at promotions and jobs. Two-thirds (68%) say minority groups have the same chance as whites. Three in five nonwhites -- a category that includes blacks, Asians and Hispanics -- agree.

	As good a chance	Not as good a chance
	%	%
All adults	68	29
Nonwhites	60	40
Whites	73	27
GALLUP, APRIL 24-MAY 2, 2017

Minorities have served in the U.S. military in every major war the U.S. has fought, but racial integration within the ranks did not effectively occur until 1948. An executive order issued that year by President Harry Truman established a policy of "equality of treatment and opportunity … without regard to race, color, religion or national origin."

In the latter decades of the 20^th century, with many blacks believing the military offered better job opportunities than the civilian world, the percentage of blacks serving in the armed forces was considerably higher than the proportion of blacks in the overall U.S. population. However, those numbers have declined in recent years.

As is the case with women, the higher percentage of nonwhites who believe that minorities do not have equal opportunities in the military could be a barrier to recruitment. Adding to the challenge of recruiting blacks, a report released this month by the advocacy group Protect Our Defenders alleges that data from the Defense Department show blacks in the military "face military justice or disciplinary action at much higher rates than white service members in every service branch." The report also mentioned the low percentage of black officers.

Implications

Americans, in general, have a high regard for the U.S. military these days:

• Seventy-two percent say they have "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of , more than double the 35% average for the 14 major institutions ÓÅÃÛ´«Ã½measures annually. The military tops this year's rankings of institutions on the confidence list, as has been the case for two decades.
• More than three-fourths of the public has (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines and Coast Guard).

However, the public's feeling of goodwill toward the armed forces does not necessarily mean Americans want their loved ones enlisting. While a majority of Americans aged 25 and older would recommend that their children or grandchildren join the Air Force (64%) or the Navy (53%), fewer than half . Among those who think that women or minorities do not get an even break, the number who would recommend the branches is even lower -- 53% for the Air Force, 40% for the Navy and Coast Guard, 33% for the Marines and 32% for the Army.

The public's perception of the military as a good career choice can have a major impact on the caliber of those who join, and the question of whether the various branches offer equal opportunities for women and minorities is most likely a significant part of that perception.

In the words of ÓÅÃÛ´«Ã½Senior Scientist and former Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, "It is important for [mentors to young adults such as parents, grandparents, teachers and coaches] to believe that the military offers at least as good an opportunity for promotions as other choices because it's those people who influence young people."