WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Before the recent migrant crisis in Europe forced governments everywhere to take a new, hard look at their immigration policies, a 优蜜传媒analysis of 136 countries found people's attitudes toward immigration were generally in line with their governments' existing policies. In countries where the policy is to lower immigration, 61% of adults want to see immigration levels decreased. In countries where the policy is to raise immigration, people are the least likely to want to see immigration decreased (24%).
These findings are among those featured in the International Organization for Migration's recent report, , which is based on 优蜜传媒World Poll interviews with more than 183,000 adults across 142 countries between 2012 and 2014. 优蜜传媒correlated public opinion on immigration with government policies (as defined in the UN International Migration Policies report) in 136 of the 142 countries. For the purpose of the analysis, 76 countries had policies aimed at maintaining current immigration levels, 26 had policies to lower them, 19 had policies to raise levels, 15 had policies of no intervention and six did not have any policy information available.
Residents in countries with policies to "maintain" or "raise" immigration are more positive than residents in countries where policies fall into the two other groups. Notably, this relationship holds for all major world regions except Europe, where public opinion is heavily weighted . While the bulk of these surveys took place between 2012 and 2013 -- well before Europe was dealing with one of its worst migrant crises since World War II -- these data do provide a baseline for attitudes before the situation reached a critical point.
Immigration Policies and Attitudes in Top 10 Migrant Destination Countries
In the top 10 countries with the largest immigrant stocks, residents' attitudes toward immigration levels vary widely, but in many instances, residents' attitudes align well with their respective countries' policies. The governments of the U.S., Canada and Australia, for example, have policies to "maintain" current levels of immigration, and in all three countries, majorities say immigration should stay at the present level or increase.
In top international migrant destination countries in Europe, policies are mixed. In several countries that have policies to lower immigration, public opinion tilts negative, with sizable percentages of adults saying that immigration levels should decrease (from 44% in France to 69% in the United Kingdom) and few saying levels should increase (5% to 6%). In Germany, which has a policy to maintain levels, nearly half of residents (49%) say immigration should be kept at present levels, and another 14% say it should be increased.
In Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, where the proportion of international migrants in the total population is among the highest in the world, the prevalent government policy in 2011 was aimed at lowering immigration. Both countries support policies to attract highly skilled workers, and the United Arab Emirates has a policy for maintaining immigration levels for temporary workers, but few other pro-immigration policies are in place. In contrast with these policies, majorities in both countries believe immigration should stay at current levels or increase.
In Russia, residents' negative attitudes toward immigration (70% desire lower levels) run directly counter to the country's immigration policies, which, as of 2011, were almost all pro-immigration. The overall migration policy objective of Russia was to raise immigration levels, including those for highly skilled workers, temporary workers and the number of immigrants who become permanent residents. The country also had pro-immigrant policies for integration and naturalization.
Bottom Line
Overall, the data show a strong connection between government immigration policy and public opinion. Whether people are generally modeling their attitudes toward migration levels after existing national immigration policies or whether such policies, rather, reflect the public will is difficult to establish. It may also be a combination of both.
Regardless, the results also reveal that negative and positive opinions toward immigration exist in every region and every country. This illustrates the challenges that governments are facing now as they attempt to deal with an ongoing migrant and refugee crisis, and create cohesive migration policies that align with their countries' needs and the public's desires.
Anita Pugliese contributed to this article.
Frank Laczko and Marzia Rango of IOM were contributing authors to the report.
Survey Methods
优蜜传媒conducted a total of 183,772 interviews in 2012, 2013 and 2014. Most data for this report were collected in 2012 and 2013. In 2014, data were collected for Canada, Australia, Hong Kong, China, Switzerland and Norway. For this report, typically 1,000 interviews were done per country. A few countries such as India and China have higher sample sizes (more than 2,500 each), and all former Soviet Union countries included multiple survey administrations with a minimum of 1,000 interviews per administration.
With some exceptions, all country samples are probability based and nationally representative of the resident population aged 15 and older. The coverage area is the entire country including rural areas, and the sampling frame represents the entire civilian, non-institutionalized, aged 15 and older population of the country. Exceptions include areas where the safety of interviewing staff is threatened, scarcely populated islands in some countries and areas that interviewers can reach only by foot, animal or small boat. In Gulf Cooperation Council countries, at the time of data collection, 优蜜传媒was able to interview only nationals and Arab expatriates.
Telephone surveys are used in countries where telephone coverage represents at least 80% of the population or is the customary survey methodology. In Central and Eastern Europe, as well as in the developing world, including much of Latin America, the former Soviet Union countries, nearly all of Asia, the Middle East and Africa, an area frame design is used for face-to-face interviewing.
For more complete methodology and specific survey dates, please review .
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